{"id":5338,"date":"2022-06-09T09:05:19","date_gmt":"2022-06-09T09:05:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/?page_id=5338"},"modified":"2022-06-17T09:07:31","modified_gmt":"2022-06-17T09:07:31","slug":"hindu-scriptures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/hindu-scriptures\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e04\u0e31\u0e21\u0e20\u0e35\u0e23\u0e4c\u0e2e\u0e34\u0e19\u0e14\u0e39"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5338\" class=\"elementor elementor-5338\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8c90d0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8c90d0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b500976\" data-id=\"b500976\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7700869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ova_heading\" data-id=\"7700869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ova_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ova-heading\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"sub_title thrid_font\">Temple & Scriptures<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"title second_font\">\u0e04\u0e31\u0e21\u0e20\u0e35\u0e23\u0e4c\u0e2e\u0e34\u0e19\u0e14\u0e39<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-022be38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"022be38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1594f6\" data-id=\"c1594f6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bab42d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bab42d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-49bf220\" data-id=\"49bf220\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9484c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9484c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.5 - 27-04-2022 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VEDAS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc14a98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc14a98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.5 - 27-04-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>The most ancient sacred texts of the Hindu religion are written in Sanskrit and called<b>\u00a0the Vedas<\/b>. Hinduism does not just have one sacred book but several scriptures.\u00a0<b>The Vedas<\/b>\u00a0scriptures guide Hindus in their daily life. They also help to preserve the religious dimensions of family and society. The\u00a0<b>Vedas<\/b>\u00a0are a large body of Hindu texts originating in ancient India, with its\u00a0<b>Samhita<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0<b>Brahmanas\u00a0<\/b>complete before about 800 BCE. Composed in\u00a0<b>Vedic\u00a0<\/b>Sanskrit hymns, the texts constitute the oldest layer of\u00a0<b>Sanskrit literature<\/b>\u00a0and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.<\/p><p>These books, written from around 1200 BCE to 100 CE, began with four\u00a0<b>vedas<\/b>, or mantras: Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. These expanded over time to include Brahmanas, Aranyakas and\u00a0<b>Upanishads<\/b>.<br \/>All above sacred literature or scriptures are written in\u00a0<b>Sanskrit<\/b>\u00a0language. Besides the above, there are several other works that are sacred literature of Hindus. Many of them are written in other languages of India such as\u00a0<b>Tamil<\/b>\u00a0and Hindi.<\/p><p>Om (or\u00a0<b>Aum<\/b>, \u0950) is the sacred sound symbol that represents Universe; the ultimate reality (Brahman). It is prefixed and sometimes suffixed to all Vedic mantras and prayers.<\/p><p><b>Hindu texts<\/b>\u00a0are manuscripts and historical literature related to any of the diverse traditions within\u00a0Hinduism. A few texts are shared resources across these traditions and broadly considered as Hindu scriptures.\u00a0These include the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veda\">Vedas<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upanishad\">Upanishads<\/a>. Scholars hesitate in defining the term \u201cHindu scripture\u201d given the diverse nature of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hinduism\">Hinduism<\/a>,\u00a0many include\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhagavad_Gita\">Bhagavad Gita<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%2580gama_(Hinduism)\">Agamas<\/a>as Hindu scriptures,\u00a0while Dominic Goodall includes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhagavata_Purana\">Bhagavata Purana<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yajnavalkya_Smriti\">Yajnavalkya Smriti<\/a>\u00a0to the list of Hindu scriptures.<\/p><p>There are two historic classifications of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu\">Hindu<\/a>\u00a0texts:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shruti\"><i>Shruti<\/i><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 that which is heard,\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smriti\"><i>Smriti<\/i><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 that which is remembered.\u00a0The\u00a0<i>\u015aruti<\/i>\u00a0refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religious_text\">religious texts<\/a>, believed to be eternal knowledge authored neither by human nor divine agent but transmitted by sages (<i>rishi<\/i>). These comprise the central canon of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hinduism\">Hinduism<\/a>.\u00a0It includes the four\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedas\">Vedas<\/a>\u00a0including its four types of embedded texts \u2013 the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samhita\">Samhitas<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahmana\">Brahmanas<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aranyaka\">Aranyakas<\/a>\u00a0and the early\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upanishads\">Upanishads<\/a>\u00a0Of the\u00a0<i>Shrutis<\/i>\u00a0(Vedic corpus), the Upanishads alone are widely influential among Hindus, considered scriptures par excellence of Hinduism, and their central ideas have continued to influence its thoughts and traditions.<\/p><p>The\u00a0<i>Smriti<\/i>\u00a0texts are a specific body of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hinduism\">Hindu<\/a>\u00a0texts attributed to an author,\u00a0as a derivative work they are considered less authoritative than\u00a0<i>Sruti<\/i>\u00a0in Hinduism.\u00a0The Smrti literature is a vast corpus of diverse texts, and includes but is not limited to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedanga\">Ved\u0101ngas<\/a>, the Hindu epics, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dharmasutras\">Sutras and Shastras<\/a>, the texts of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_philosophy\">Hindu philosophies<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puranas\">Puranas<\/a>, the K\u0101vya or poetical literature, the\u00a0<i>Bhasyas<\/i>, and numerous\u00a0<i>Nibandhas<\/i>\u00a0(digests) covering politics, ethics, culture, arts and society.<\/p><p>Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts were composed in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanskrit\">Sanskrit<\/a>, many others in regional Indian languages. In modern times, most ancient texts have been translated into other\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Languages_of_India\">Indian languages<\/a>\u00a0and some in Western languages.\u00a0Prior to the start of the common era, the Hindu texts were composed orally, then memorized and transmitted orally, from one generation to next, for more than a millennia before they were written down into manuscripts.\u00a0This verbal tradition of preserving and transmitting Hindu texts, from one generation to next, continued into the modern era.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-de423ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de423ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d483b85\" data-id=\"d483b85\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a56857 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0a56857\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.5 - 27-04-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"125\" src=\"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/2_0.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/2_0.jpg 250w, https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/2_0-18x9.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b285017\" data-id=\"b285017\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-843162a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"843162a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"125\" src=\"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/1.jpg 250w, https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/1-18x9.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aafe97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aafe97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Manuscripts of 18th-century Hindu texts in Sanskrit and in a regional language Odiya (below)<\/p><p>The Vedas are a large body of Hindu texts originating in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedic_period\">ancient India<\/a>, with its\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samhita\">Samhita<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahmana\">Brahmanas<\/a>\u00a0complete before about 800 BCE\u00a0Composed in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedic_Sanskrit\">Vedic Sanskrit<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_of_India#History\">hymns<\/a>, the texts constitute the oldest layer of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanskrit_literature\">Sanskrit literature<\/a>\u00a0and the oldest scriptures of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hinduism\">Hinduism<\/a>.\u00a0Hindus consider the Vedas to be\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apauru%25E1%25B9%25A3eya\"><i>apauru\u1e63eya<\/i><\/a>, which means \u201cnot of a man, superhuman\u201d\u00a0and \u201cimpersonal, authorless\u201d.\u00a0The knowledge in the Vedas is believed in Hinduism to be eternal, uncreated, neither authored by human nor by divine source, but seen, heard and transmitted by sages.<\/p><p>Vedas are also called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C5%259Aruti\"><i>\u015bruti<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(\u201cwhat is heard\u201d) literature,\u00a0distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sm%25E1%25B9%259Bti\"><i>sm\u1e5bti<\/i><\/a>\u00a0(\u201cwhat is remembered\u201d). The Veda, for orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations, some way or other the work of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deity\">Deity<\/a>.\u00a0In the Hindu Epic the Mahabharata, the creation of Vedas is credited to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahma\">Brahma<\/a>.<\/p><p>There are four Vedas: the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rigveda\">Rigveda<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yajurveda\">Yajurveda<\/a>, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samaveda\">Samaveda<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atharvaveda\">Atharvaveda<\/a>.\u00a0Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types \u2013 the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samhita\">Samhitas<\/a>\u00a0(mantras and benedictions), the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aranyakas\">Aranyakas<\/a>\u00a0(text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahmanas\">Brahmanas<\/a>\u00a0(commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upanishads\">Upanishads<\/a>\u00a0(text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).<\/p><p><strong>Upanishads<\/strong><\/p><p>The Upanishads are a collection of Hindu texts which contain some of the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism.<\/p><p>The Upanishads are commonly referred to as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ved%25C4%2581nta\"><i>Ved\u0101nta<\/i><\/a>, variously interpreted to mean either the \u201clast chapters, parts of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedas\">Veda<\/a>\u201d or \u201cthe object, the highest purpose of the Veda\u201d.\u00a0The concepts of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahman\">Brahman<\/a>\u00a0(Ultimate Reality) and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%2580tman_(Hinduism)\">\u0100tman<\/a>\u00a0(Soul, Self) are central ideas in all the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upanishad\">Upanishads<\/a>, and \u201cKnow your \u0100tman\u201d their thematic focus.\u00a0The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions. Of the Vedic corpus, they alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishads have had a lasting influence on Hindu philosophy.<\/p><p>More than 200 Upanishads are known, of which the first dozen or so are the oldest and most important and are referred to as the principal or main (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mukhya\"><i>mukhya<\/i><\/a>) Upanishads.\u00a0The\u00a0<i>mukhya<\/i>\u00a0Upanishads are found mostly in the concluding part of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahmanas\"><i>Brahmanas<\/i><\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aranyakas\"><i>Aranyakas<\/i><\/a>\u00a0and were, for centuries, memorized by each generation and passed down\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_tradition\">verbally<\/a>. The early Upanishads all predate the Common Era, some in all likelihood pre-Buddhist (6th century BCE),\u00a0down to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurya_period\">Maurya period<\/a>.\u00a0Of the remainder, some 95 Upanishads are part of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muktika\">Muktika<\/a>\u00a0canon, composed from about the start of common era through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Hinduism\">medieval Hinduism<\/a>. New Upanishads, beyond the 108 in the Muktika canon, continued being composed through the early modern and modern era, though often dealing with subjects unconnected to Hinduism.<\/p><p>Post-Vedic texts<\/p><p>The texts that appeared afterwards were called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smriti\">smriti<\/a>. Smriti literature includes various Shastras and\u00a0<i>Itihasa<\/i>s (epics like\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramayana\">Ramayana<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mahabharata\">Mahabharata<\/a>),\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harivamsa\">Harivamsa<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puranas\">Puranas<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%2580gama_(Hinduism)\">Agamas<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darshana\">Darshanas<\/a>.<\/p><p>The Sutras and Shastras texts were compilations of technical or specialized knowledge in a defined area. The earliest are dated to later half of the 1st millennium BCE. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dharmashastra\">Dharma-shastras<\/a>\u00a0(law books), derivatives of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dharmasutras\">Dharma-sutras<\/a>. Other examples were\u00a0<i>bhautikashastra<\/i>\u00a0\u201cphysics\u201d,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rasayana\"><i>rasayanashastra<\/i><\/a>\u00a0\u201cchemistry\u201d,\u00a0<i>j\u012bvashastra<\/i>\u00a0\u201cbiology\u201d,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vastu_shastra\"><i>vastushastra<\/i><\/a>\u00a0\u201carchitectural science\u201d,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shilpa_Shastras\"><i>shilpashastra<\/i><\/a>\u00a0\u201cscience of sculpture\u201d,\u00a0<i>arthashastra<\/i>\u201ceconomics\u201d and\u00a0<i>n\u012btishastra<\/i>\u00a0\u201cpolitical science\u201d.\u00a0It also includes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tantras\">Tantras<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25C4%2580gama_(Hinduism)\">Agama<\/a>\u00a0literature.<\/p><p>This genre of texts includes the Sutras and Shastras of the six schools of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_philosophy\">Hindu philosophy<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a3c041 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a3c041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PURANAS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-729ed44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"729ed44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Puranas are a vast genre of Hindu texts that encyclopedically cover a wide range of topics, particularly myths, legends and other traditional lore.\u00a0Composed primarily in Sanskrit, but also in regional languages,\u00a0several of these texts are named after major\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu\">Hindu<\/a>\u00a0deities such as Lord\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vishnu\">Vishnu<\/a>, Lord\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shiva\">Shiva<\/a>\u00a0and Goddess\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Devi\">Devi<\/a>.<\/p><p>The Puranic literature is encyclopedic,\u00a0and it includes diverse topics such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmogony\">cosmogony<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmology\">cosmology<\/a>, genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, folk tales, pilgrimages, temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, as well as theology and philosophy.\u00a0The content is highly inconsistent across the Puranas, and each Purana has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves inconsistent.\u00a0The Hindu Puranas are anonymous texts and likely the work of many authors over the centuries; in contrast, most Jaina Puranas can be dated and their authors assigned.<\/p><p>There are 18\u00a0<i>Maha Puranas<\/i>\u00a0(Great Puranas) and 18\u00a0<i>Upa Puranas<\/i>\u00a0(Minor Puranas),\u00a0with over 400,000 verses.\u00a0The Puranas do not enjoy the authority of a scripture in Hinduism,\u00a0but are considered a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smriti\">Smriti<\/a>.\u00a0These Hindu texts have been influential in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_culture\">Hindu culture<\/a>, inspiring major national and regional annual festivals of Hinduism.\u00a0The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhagavata_Purana\">Bhagavata Purana<\/a>\u00a0has been among the most celebrated and popular text in the Puranic genre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-31db03b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"31db03b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae37e20\" data-id=\"ae37e20\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a895381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a895381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"165\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/download-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/download-2.png 165w, https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/download-2-7x12.png 7w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a10a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73a10a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A 19th century manuscript of the Hindu text\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhagavad_Gita\">Bhagavad Gita<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-071a879 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"071a879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">THE TEVARAM SAIVITE HYMNS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a2fe47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a2fe47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tevaram\">Tevaram<\/a>\u00a0is a body of remarkable hymns exuding Bhakti composed more than 1400\u20131200 years ago in the classical Tamil language by three Saivite composers. They are credited with igniting the Bhakti movement in the whole of India.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8aa54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ed8aa54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">DIVYA PRABANDHA VAISHNAVITE HYMNS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41dca81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41dca81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nalayira_Divya_Prabandham\">Nalayira Divya Prabandha<\/a>\u00a0(or Nalayira (4000) Divya Prabhamdham) is a divine collection of 4,000 verses (Naalayira in Tamil means \u2018four thousand\u2019) composed before 8th century AD [1], by the 12 Alvars, and was compiled in its present form by Nathamuni during the 9th \u2013 10th centuries. The Alvars sung these songs at various sacred shrines. These shrines are known as the Divya Desams.<\/p><p>In South India, especially in Tamil Nadu, the Divya Prabhandha is considered as equal to the Vedas, hence the epithet Dravida Veda. In many temples, Srirangam, for example, the chanting of the Divya Prabhandham forms a major part of the daily service. Prominent among the 4,000 verses are the 1,100+ verses known as the Thiru Vaaymozhi, composed by Nammalvar (Kaaril Maaran Sadagopan) of Thiruk Kurugoor.<sup>[<\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\"><i><sup>citation needed<\/sup><\/i><\/a><sup>]<\/sup><\/p><p>Source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_texts\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_texts<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Temple &#038; Scriptures Hindu Scriptures VEDAS The most ancient sacred texts of the Hindu religion are written in Sanskrit and called\u00a0the Vedas. Hinduism does not just have one sacred book but several scriptures.\u00a0The Vedas\u00a0scriptures guide Hindus in their daily life. They also help to preserve the religious dimensions of family and society. The\u00a0Vedas\u00a0are a large [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5338"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5338"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5338\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5520,"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5338\/revisions\/5520"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vhpthailand.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5338"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}